The dominant “vision” of urban development has been one of competitive cities being led by an economic development model whose engine is built on attracting investment from investors across the globe. Attracting manufacturing, trade, services for export on the one hand, and on the business opportunities for infrastructure and real estate development, services and consumer goods for the growing middle class on the other. This vision has been neither “inclusive”, nor a vision of environmentally sustainable development. However, the imperatives of inclusive growth and of combating climate change are acknowledged and are gradually gaining importance in governmental policy.
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